The Basic Microfluidics Concepts

A microfluidics device can be identified by the fact that it has one or more channels with at least one dimension less than 1 mm. Common fluids used in microfluidics devices include whole blood samples, bacterial cell suspensions, protein or antibody solutions and various buffers. Microfluidic devices can be used to obtain a variety of interesting measurements including molecular diffusion coefficients fluid viscosity, pH, chemical binding coefficients and enzyme reaction kinetics. Other applications for microfluidic devices include capillary electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, immunoassays, flow cytometry, sample injection of proteins for analysis via mass spectrometry, PCR amplification, DNA analysis, cell manipulation, cell separation, cell patterning and chemical gradient formation. Many of these applications have utility for clinical diagnostics.

The use of microfluidic devices to conduct biomedical research and create clinically useful technologies has a number of significant advantages. First, because the volume of fluids within these channels is very small, usually several nanoliters, the amount of reagents and analytes used is quite small. This is especially significant for expensive reagents. The fabrications techniques used to construct microfluidic devices, discussed in more depth later, are relatively inexpensive and are very amenable both to highly elaborate, multiplexed devices and also to mass production. In a manner similar to that for microelectronics, microfluidic technologies enable the fabrication of highly integrated devices for performing several different functions on the same substrate chip. One of the long term goals in the field of microfluidics is to create integrated, portable clinical diagnostic devices for home and bedside use, thereby eliminating time consuming laboratory analysis procedures.